.png)
initramfs를 수정하는 방법을 배우고 싶습니다. 저는 리눅스 민트를 사용합니다. 나는 대답을 사용했다https://superuser.com/questions/1556241/initrd-file-cpio-archive-x-cpio-type-of-file-how-to-recompile리메이크하고 출시합니다.
해결책은 unmkinitramfs압축을 푸는 것이며 결과에는 두 개의 폴더 kernel와 rootfs 폴더가 포함됩니다. rootfs 파일 시스템만 다시 만들면 initrd(파일에 추가하는 세 번째 단계만) 마이크로코드 "kernel/x86/microcode/AuthenticAMD.bin"/"kernel/x86/microcode/GenuineIntel.bin" 없이도 부팅됩니다.
CPU에서 마이크로코드의 용도는 무엇입니까 initrd? initrd의 일부 정보에서는 이를 언급하지 않으며, SE의 QA에서는 이를 언급하지만 그 목적을 설명하지 않습니다.
배포판 initrd의 출력 binwalk(전체 정보는 아래 [1] 참조)에는 추출된 파일 외에도 unmkinitramfs"TRAILER!!!"에 대한 언급이 포함되어 있습니다. Unix 경로: /lib/firmware/amdgpu/(많은 파일), Cisco IOS 마이크로코드, DER 형식 인증서, 저작권 문자열.
반면 새로 리패키징된 파일([2] 참조)에는 Windows Script Encoded Data (screnc.exe)원본 파일의 출력 내용이 없습니다. binwalk무슨 뜻이에요?
그들의 중요성은 무엇입니까? 어떻게 압축을 풀고 원래대로 다시 포장할 수 있나요?
나는 본 적이:
https://askubuntu.com/questions/777260/how-to-repack-initrd-img
https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/Initramfs/Guide
https://serverfault.com/questions/876140/cpio-in 올바르게-unpacking-initrd-in-ubuntu-xenial
내 initrd에 "kernel"이라는 하나의 디렉토리만 있는 이유는 무엇입니까?
https://access.redhat.com/solutions/24029
https://www.linuxjournal.com/article/1213
추측 예고편이 있어요! ! ! 커널에 대한 binwalk아카이브와 모든 펌웨어의 끝을 표시하여 cpio해당 하드웨어가 있는지 확인한 다음 펌웨어 업데이트(따라서 "마이크로코드 업데이트" 파일)를 시도하는 방법 입니다. 그렇다면 놀랍게도 Linux를 부팅하면 CPU 등이 업데이트됩니다. 나에게 묻지 않고도 펌웨어 업데이트가 잘못되면 수리하지 않으면 하드웨어가 작동하지 않을 수 있다는 것을 이해합니다. 아니면 업데이트가 권장되는지 실제로 묻나요?
1:biwalk initrd.lz
DECIMAL HEXADECIMAL DESCRIPTION
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0 0x0 ASCII cpio archive (SVR4 with no CRC), file name: ".", file name length: "0x00000002", file size: "0x00000000"
112 0x70 ASCII cpio archive (SVR4 with no CRC), file name: "kernel", file name length: "0x00000007", file size: "0x00000000"
232 0xE8 ASCII cpio archive (SVR4 with no CRC), file name: "kernel/x86", file name length: "0x0000000B", file size: "0x00000000"
356 0x164 ASCII cpio archive (SVR4 with no CRC), file name: "kernel/x86/microcode", file name length: "0x00000015", file size: "0x00000000"
488 0x1E8 ASCII cpio archive (SVR4 with no CRC), file name: "kernel/x86/microcode/AuthenticAMD.bin", file name length: "0x00000026", file size: "0x00007752"
31184 0x79D0 ASCII cpio archive (SVR4 with no CRC), file name: "TRAILER!!!", file name length: "0x0000000B", file size: "0x00000000"
31744 0x7C00 ASCII cpio archive (SVR4 with no CRC), file name: "kernel", file name length: "0x00000007", file size: "0x00000000"
31864 0x7C78 ASCII cpio archive (SVR4 with no CRC), file name: "kernel/x86", file name length: "0x0000000B", file size: "0x00000000"
31988 0x7CF4 ASCII cpio archive (SVR4 with no CRC), file name: "kernel/x86/microcode", file name length: "0x00000015", file size: "0x00000000"
32120 0x7D78 ASCII cpio archive (SVR4 with no CRC), file name: "kernel/x86/microcode/.enuineIntel.align.0123456789abc", file name length: "0x00000036", file size: "0x00000000"
32284 0x7E1C ASCII cpio archive (SVR4 with no CRC), file name: "kernel/x86/microcode/GenuineIntel.bin", file name length: "0x00000026", file size: "0x004C8000"
5045936 0x4CFEB0 ASCII cpio archive (SVR4 with no CRC), file name: "TRAILER!!!", file name length: "0x0000000B", file size: "0x00000000"
8917606 0x881266 Unix path: /lib/firmware/amdgpu/beige_goby_mec2.bin
9118372 0x8B22A4 ASCII cpio archive (SVR4 with no CRC), file name: "usr/lib/firmware/amdgpu/beige_goby_sos.bin", file name length: "0x0000002B", file size: "0x000314A0"
10612118 0xA1ED96 Unix path: /lib/firmware/amdgpu/cyan_skillfish2_mec2.bin
10795026 0xA4B812 Unix path: /lib/firmware/amdgpu/dimgrey_cavefish_mec2.bin
13686104 0xD0D558 Unix path: /lib/firmware/amdgpu/navi10_mec2.bin
13755619 0xD1E4E3 Cisco IOS microcode, for ""
15245172 0xE89F74 Unix path: /lib/firmware/amdgpu/navi14_mec
16207180 0xF74D4C Unix path: /lib/firmware/amdgpu/navy_flounder_sos.bin
17354846 0x108D05E Certificate in DER format (x509 v3), header length: 4, sequence length: 26645
17988464 0x1127B70 Unix path: /lib/firmware/amdgpu/polaris10_mec_2.bin
18631505 0x11C4B51 Unix path: /lib/firmware/amdgpu/polaris11_mec_2.bin
19277483 0x12626AB Unix path: /lib/firmware/amdgpu/polaris12_mec_2.bin
21601111 0x1499B57 Unix path: /lib/firmware/amdgpu/sienna_cichlid_sos.bin
24525944 0x1763C78 Unix path: /lib/firmware/amdgpu/vega10_sos.bin
24692428 0x178C6CC ASCII cpio archive (SVR4 with no CRC), file name: "usr/lib/firmware/amdgpu/vega10_uvd.bin", file name length: "0x00000027", file size: "0x0005CFA0"
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28556045 0x1B3BB0D gzip compressed data, from NTFS filesystem (NT), last modified: 1970-01-01 00:00:00 (null date)
28571521 0x1B3F781 gzip compressed data, from NTFS filesystem (NT), last modified: 1970-01-01 00:00:00 (null date)
28603896 0x1B475F8 gzip compressed data, from NTFS filesystem (NT), last modified: 1970-01-01 00:00:00 (null date)
28613989 0x1B49D65 gzip compressed data, from NTFS filesystem (NT), last modified: 1970-01-01 00:00:00 (null date)
28628017 0x1B4D431 gzip compressed data, from NTFS filesystem (NT), last modified: 1970-01-01 00:00:00 (null date)
28631873 0x1B4E341 gzip compressed data, from NTFS filesystem (NT), last modified: 1970-01-01 00:00:00 (null date)
28632009 0x1B4E3C9 gzip compressed data, from NTFS filesystem (NT), last modified: 1970-01-01 00:00:00 (null date)
28646005 0x1B51A75 gzip compressed data, from NTFS filesystem (NT), last modified: 1970-01-01 00:00:00 (null date)
28659715 0x1B55003 gzip compressed data, from NTFS filesystem (NT), last modified: 1970-01-01 00:00:00 (null date)
28674715 0x1B58A9B gzip compressed data, from NTFS filesystem (NT), last modified: 1970-01-01 00:00:00 (null date)
28690179 0x1B5C703 gzip compressed data, from NTFS filesystem (NT), last modified: 1970-01-01 00:00:00 (null date)
28710427 0x1B6161B gzip compressed data, from NTFS filesystem (NT), last modified: 1970-01-01 00:00:00 (null date)
28724191 0x1B64BDF gzip compressed data, from NTFS filesystem (NT), last modified: 1970-01-01 00:00:00 (null date)
28728931 0x1B65E63 gzip compressed data, from NTFS filesystem (NT), last modified: 1970-01-01 00:00:00 (null date)
28729099 0x1B65F0B gzip compressed data, from NTFS filesystem (NT), last modified: 1970-01-01 00:00:00 (null date)
28742355 0x1B692D3 gzip compressed data, from NTFS filesystem (NT), last modified: 1970-01-01 00:00:00 (null date)
28762248 0x1B6E088 gzip compressed data, from NTFS filesystem (NT), last modified: 1970-01-01 00:00:00 (null date)
28775820 0x1B7158C gzip compressed data, from NTFS filesystem (NT), last modified: 1970-01-01 00:00:00 (null date)
28782860 0x1B7310C gzip compressed data, from NTFS filesystem (NT), last modified: 1970-01-01 00:00:00 (null date)
28783004 0x1B7319C gzip compressed data, from NTFS filesystem (NT), last modified: 1970-01-01 00:00:00 (null date)
28796924 0x1B767FC gzip compressed data, from NTFS filesystem (NT), last modified: 1970-01-01 00:00:00 (null date)
28798316 0x1B76D6C gzip compressed data, from NTFS filesystem (NT), last modified: 1970-01-01 00:00:00 (null date)
28798460 0x1B76DFC gzip compressed data, from NTFS filesystem (NT), last modified: 1970-01-01 00:00:00 (null date)
28812944 0x1B7A690 gzip compressed data, from NTFS filesystem (NT), last modified: 1970-01-01 00:00:00 (null date)
28828512 0x1B7E360 gzip compressed data, from NTFS filesystem (NT), last modified: 1970-01-01 00:00:00 (null date)
28843904 0x1B81F80 gzip compressed data, from NTFS filesystem (NT), last modified: 1970-01-01 00:00:00 (null date)
28860027 0x1B85E7B gzip compressed data, from NTFS filesystem (NT), last modified: 1970-01-01 00:00:00 (null date)
28873795 0x1B89443 gzip compressed data, from NTFS filesystem (NT), last modified: 1970-01-01 00:00:00 (null date)
28878535 0x1B8A6C7 gzip compressed data, from NTFS filesystem (NT), last modified: 1970-01-01 00:00:00 (null date)
28878695 0x1B8A767 gzip compressed data, from NTFS filesystem (NT), last modified: 1970-01-01 00:00:00 (null date)
28901164 0x1B8FF2C gzip compressed data, from NTFS filesystem (NT), last modified: 1970-01-01 00:00:00 (null date)
28914728 0x1B93428 gzip compressed data, from NTFS filesystem (NT), last modified: 1970-01-01 00:00:00 (null date)
28922131 0x1B95113 gzip compressed data, from NTFS filesystem (NT), last modified: 1970-01-01 00:00:00 (null date)
28922275 0x1B951A3 gzip compressed data, from NTFS filesystem (NT), last modified: 1970-01-01 00:00:00 (null date)
28936187 0x1B987FB gzip compressed data, from NTFS filesystem (NT), last modified: 1970-01-01 00:00:00 (null date)
28937579 0x1B98D6B gzip compressed data, from NTFS filesystem (NT), last modified: 1970-01-01 00:00:00 (null date)
28937723 0x1B98DFB gzip compressed data, from NTFS filesystem (NT), last modified: 1970-01-01 00:00:00 (null date)
28952211 0x1B9C693 gzip compressed data, from NTFS filesystem (NT), last modified: 1970-01-01 00:00:00 (null date)
28967407 0x1BA01EF gzip compressed data, from NTFS filesystem (NT), last modified: 1970-01-01 00:00:00 (null date)
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29038763 0x1BB18AB gzip compressed data, from NTFS filesystem (NT), last modified: 1970-01-01 00:00:00 (null date)
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29076655 0x1BBACAF gzip compressed data, from NTFS filesystem (NT), last modified: 1970-01-01 00:00:00 (null date)
29089803 0x1BBE00B gzip compressed data, from NTFS filesystem (NT), last modified: 1970-01-01 00:00:00 (null date)
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36341095 0x22A8567 Unix path: /lib/firmware/mellanoxD000081A416242A497001865BC3B/mlxsw_spectrum-13.2008.2406.mfa2
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37822499 0x2412023 Unix path: /lib/firmware/mellanox/mlxsw_spectrum2-29.2008.2406.mfa2
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38935482 0x2521BBA Unix path: /lib/firmware/mellanox/mlxsw_spectrum3-30.2008.2406.mfa2
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42568190 0x28989FE Zlib compressed data, best compression
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42919535 0x28EE66F Zlib compressed data, best compression
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43003751 0x2902F67 Zlib compressed data, best compression
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43020256 0x2906FE0 Zlib compressed data, best compression
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43035049 0x290A9A9 Zlib compressed data, best compression
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43602574 0x299528E Zlib compressed data, best compression
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47567211 0x2D5D16B Zip archive data, encrypted at least v2.0 to extract, compressed size: 163, uncompressed size: 1024, name: T1:X3_101115_1_8_1_expROM_FW_uni_template_eeprom0.bin
47567457 0x2D5D261 Zip archive data, encrypted at least v2.0 to extract, compressed size: 33, uncompressed size: 19, name: T1A:X3_101115_1_8_1_expROM_FW_uni_template_rmt_cmd_line.txt
47567579 0x2D5D2DB Zip archive data, encrypted at least v2.0 to extract, compressed size: 239940, uncompressed size: 2097152, name: T1A:X3_101115_1_8_1_expROM_FW_uni_template_flash0.bin
47807608 0x2D97C78 Zip archive data, encrypted at least v2.0 to extract, compressed size: 163, uncompressed size: 1024, name: T1A:X3_101115_1_8_1_expROM_FW_uni_template_eeprom0.bin
47808460 0x2D97FCC End of Zip archive, footer length: 22
47808484 0x2D97FE4 ASCII cpio archive (SVR4 with no CRC), file name: "usr/lib/firmware/vxge/X3fw.ncf", file name length: "0x0000001F", file size: "0x00057A86"
78097859 0x4A7ADC3 MySQL MISAM index file Version 5
91420612 0x572F7C4 Object signature in DER format (PKCS header length: 4, sequence length: 677
91421339 0x572FA9B Unix path: /lib/modules//kernel/lib/zstd2000081A4162B30E3400050AF143/zstd_compress
117957065 0x707E1C9 Copyright string: "Copyright 2011 Canonical Ltd. Licensed under the Ubuntu Font Licence 1.0MonoRegular Version 0.80UbuntuMono-andare registered t"
117964519 0x707FEE7 Object signature in DER format (PKCS header length: 4, sequence length: 6414
117964639 0x707FF5F Certificate in DER format (x509 v3), header length: 4, sequence length: 1366
117965630 0x708033E Certificate in DER format (x509 v3), header length: 4, sequence length: 1024
117968145 0x7080D11 PNG image, 100 x 100, 8-bit/color RGBA, non-interlaced
117968304 0x7080DB0 Zlib compressed data, best compression
118172121 0x70B29D9 Zlib compressed data, best compression
118180535 0x70B4AB7 Zlib compressed data, default compression
118183100 0x70B54BC Zlib compressed data, best compression
118183370 0x70B55CA Zlib compressed data, best compression
118375331 0x70E43A3 Zlib compressed data, default compression
[2] binwalk재포장 후 길이가 짧아짐:
DECIMAL HEXADECIMAL DESCRIPTION
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0 0x0 ASCII cpio archive (SVR4 with no CRC), file name: ".", file name length: "0x00000002", file size: "0x00000000"
112 0x70 ASCII cpio archive (SVR4 with no CRC), file name: "kernel", file name length: "0x00000007", file size: "0x00000000"
232 0xE8 ASCII cpio archive (SVR4 with no CRC), file name: "kernel/x86", file name length: "0x0000000B", file size: "0x00000000"
356 0x164 ASCII cpio archive (SVR4 with no CRC), file name: "kernel/x86/microcode", file name length: "0x00000015", file size: "0x00000000"
488 0x1E8 ASCII cpio archive (SVR4 with no CRC), file name: "kernel/x86/microcode/AuthenticAMD.bin", file name length: "0x00000026", file size: "0x00007752"
31184 0x79D0 ASCII cpio archive (SVR4 with no CRC), file name: "TRAILER!!!", file name length: "0x0000000B", file size: "0x00000000"
31744 0x7C00 ASCII cpio archive (SVR4 with no CRC), file name: "kernel", file name length: "0x00000007", file size: "0x00000000"
31864 0x7C78 ASCII cpio archive (SVR4 with no CRC), file name: "kernel/x86", file name length: "0x0000000B", file size: "0x00000000"
31988 0x7CF4 ASCII cpio archive (SVR4 with no CRC), file name: "kernel/x86/microcode", file name length: "0x00000015", file size: "0x00000000"
32120 0x7D78 ASCII cpio archive (SVR4 with no CRC), file name: "kernel/x86/microcode/GenuineIntel.bin", file name length: "0x00000026", file size: "0x004C8000"
5045772 0x4CFE0C ASCII cpio archive (SVR4 with no CRC), file name: "kernel/x86/microcode/.enuineIntel.align.0123456789abc", file name length: "0x00000036", file size: "0x00000000"
5045936 0x4CFEB0 ASCII cpio archive (SVR4 with no CRC), file name: "TRAILER!!!", file name length: "0x0000000B", file size: "0x00000000"
5046272 0x4D0000 LZMA compressed data, properties: 0x5D, dictionary size: 8388608 bytes, uncompressed size: -1 bytes
15101115 0xE66CBB Encrypted Hilink uImage firmware header
28331955 0x1B04FB3 Windows Script Encoded Data (screnc.exe)
답변1
"initrd"는 현재 형식인 initramfs로 재구성되고 확장된 Linux 메커니즘의 이전 이름입니다. Debian/Ubuntu/Mint는 initrd.img-<kernel version>실제로는 initramfs 파일이지만 역사적인 이유로 오래된 명명 체계를 사용합니다.
마이크로코드 업데이트는 비영구적입니다. 두려워하는 상황을 피하기 위해 시스템이 시작될 때마다 다시 로드해야 합니다. 마이크로코드 업데이트로 인해 시스템이 중단되는 경우 시스템을 재설정하여 실패한 업데이트를 제거한 다음 문제가 있는 마이크로코드 업데이트가 포함되지 않은 initramfs를 사용하여 재부팅하면 됩니다.
일부 중요한 하드웨어 버그(예: Intel Haswell 및 Broadwell CPU)의 경우 특정 CPU 기능을 사용하기 전에 버그를 해결하는 마이크로코드 업데이트(마지막 CPU 재설정 이후)를 로드해야 합니다. 이 요구 사항이 충족되었는지 확인하려면초기 마이크로코드 로딩이 기능은 Linux 커널에 내장되어 있으며 현재 CPU 마이크로코드 업데이트의 기본 형식입니다. 시작 프로세스에서 가능한 한 빨리 적용 가능한 마이크로코드 업데이트를 로드합니다.
이는 TRAILER!!!아카이브 끝에 있는 표준 표시입니다 cpio. 바라보다IBM z/OS 문서의 cpio 파일 형식 문서자세한 내용은.
보관된 마지막 레코드에는 항상 TRAILER!!!라는 이름이 포함됩니다.
일부 AMD GPU는 작동하기 위해 펌웨어도 필요하며 이러한 펌웨어 파일은 부팅 시 멋진 스플래시 화면을 표시할 수 있도록 부팅 초기에 디스플레이를 고해상도 그래픽 모드로 전환할 수 있도록 포함되어 있습니다. 아시다시피 생략할 수 있으며 시스템은 계속 부팅되지만 펌웨어가 필요한 GPU가 있는 경우 이는 디스플레이 해상도 전환이 나중에(최신 시스템의 경우 약 0.5초 후) 발생한다는 의미입니다. "깜박이면 놓치게 됩니다").
인식 가능한 데이터 구조를 감지하기 위해 파일 내부를 조사하려고 시도하기 때문에 binwalkGPU 펌웨어 파일의 일부인 DER 형식 인증서 또는 저작권 문자열과 같은 항목을 감지할 수 있습니다.
Cisco IOS microcode, for ""식별에 사용된 매우 짧은 "마법의 끈"으로 인해 오인되었을 가능성이 있습니다.